Redefining Effusive-Constrictive Pericarditis with Echocardiography

BACKGROUND: Effusive-constrictive pericarditis (ECP) is traditionally diagnosed by using the expensive and invasive technique of direct pressure measurements in the pericardial space and the right atrium. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic role of echocardiography in tuberculous ECP. METHODS: Intrapericardial and right atrial pressures were measured pre- and post-pericardiocentesis, and right ventricular and left ventricular pressures were measured post-pericardiocentesis in patients with tuberculous pericardial effusions. Echocardiography was performed post-pericardiocentesis. Traditional, pressure-based diagnostic criteria were compared with post-pericardiocentesis systolic discordance and echocardiographic evidence of constriction. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients with tuberculous pericardial disease were included. Sixteen had ventricular discordance (invasively measured), 16 had ECP as measured by intrapericardial and right atrial invasive pressure measurements and 17 had ECP determined echocardiographically. The sensitivity and specificity of pressure-guided measurements (compared with discordance) for the diagnosis of ECP were both 56%. The positive and negative predictive values were both 56%. The sensitivity of echocardiography (compared with discordance) for the diagnosis of ECP was 81% and the specificity 75%, while the positive and the negative predictive values were 76% and 80%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Echocardiography shows a better diagnostic performance than invasive, pressure-based measurements for the diagnosis of ECP when both these techniques are compared with the gold standard of invasively measured systolic discordance.

Effusive-constrictive pericarditis: a review / Pericarditis efusivo-constrictiva: revisión a propósito de un caso

Background: Effusive-constrictive pericarditis is an uncommon clinical hemodynamic syndrome in which constriction of the heart by the visceral pericardium occurs in the presence of tense effusion in a free pericardial space. This variety of constrictive pericarditis was observed and characterized by Hancock in 1971. The hallmark of effusive-constrictive pericarditis is the persistence of elevated right atrial pressure after intrapericardial pressure has been reduced to normal levels by removal of pericardial fluid. The causes are diverse and its course may be reversible or more frequently requiring extensive pericardiectomy. Clinical case: 35 year old male without an important medical history, with dyspnea and chest pain secondary to airway infection, in whom a diagnosis of pericardial effusion was made, handled with colchicine and NSAIDs, he presented decreased of pericardial effusion but worsening hemodynamic alterations corroborated by echocardiography. Diagnosed as an effusive-constrictive pericarditis a pericardiectomy was performed with excellent evolution. After multiple diagnostic tests the disease was catalogued like an idiopathic form. Conclusions: Effusive-constrictive pericarditis is a rare syndrome and it should be considered in the evolution of patients with pericardial effusion.

Antecedentes: La pericarditis efusivo-constrictiva es un síndrome hemodinámico poco frecuente, en el cual el pericardio visceral constriñe al corazón con la presencia de líquido libre en el espacio pericárdico; fue descrito y caracterizado por Hancock en 1971. Se caracteriza por la presencia de presión elevada en la aurícula derecha persistente después de pericardiocentesis del derrame pericárdico; su etiología es diversa y su curso incierto, llegando a ser reversible o más frecuentemente requerir pericardiectomía extensa. Caso clínico: Masculino de 35 años sin antecedentes de importancia, con evolución de disnea progresiva y dolor torácico secundarios a infección de vías aéreas, en quien se efectuó diagnóstico de derrame pericárdico, manejado con colchicina y AINEs, evolucionando con disminución del derrame pero empeorando las alteraciones hemodinámicas, corroboradas por ecocardiografía. Con diagnóstico de pericarditis efusivo-constrictiva fue sometido a pericardiectomía con excelente evolución, clasificando el cuadro como idiopático después de múltiples pruebas diagnósticas en busca de la etiología. Conclusiones: La pericarditis efusivo-constrictiva es un síndrome poco frecuente que debe tenerse presente en la evolución de los pacientes con derrame pericárdico.

A case of delayed appearance of effusive-constrictive pericarditis after radiation therapy for Hodgkin's disease / 대한내과학회지

The heart was considered to be relatively resistant to ionizing irradiation in the range of doses used in radiation therapy before follow up and review of a large number of patients who had undergone mediastinal irradiation and survived for several years. Cardiac complications after mediastinal irradiation include coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, and acute and chronic pericardial disease. Pericarditis and pericardial effusion have been regarded as the most common side effects of cardiac irradiation. However, modern techniques of irradiation, dose fractionation, and reduction of the heart volume irradiated in most malignancies have substantially reduced the frequency of cardiac complications including pericarditis. Therefore, effusive- constrictive or constrictive pericarditis is less often noted after the completion of radiation therapy. Delayed appearance of effusive-constrictive pericarditis after mediastinal irradiation has not been commonly recognized by physicians. We recently experienced a case of delayed pericarditis with effusion occurring 36 months after radiation therapy for young patient with Hodgkin's disease. Mediastinal irradiation for Hodgkin's disease increases the risk of subsequent death from heart disease. Risk increased with high mediastinal doses, minimal protective cardiac blocking, young age at irradiation, and increasing duration of follow-up. Consequently, the current practice of using a subcarinal block and multiple portals, with irradiation through both anterior and posterior fields, may be expected to lead to a decline in the incidence and severity of cardiac abnormality after irradiation.

Postoperative Effusive Constrictive Pericarditis in Ventricular Septal Defect Repair

Effusive constrictive pericarditis after open heart surgery is a rare complication occuring in 0.2% to 0.3%. Presenting symptoms after surgery are associated with right heart failure and an elevated jugular venous pressure is most common abnormal physical sign. Predisposing factors include hemorrhage, perioperative pericardial injury or inflammation, presence of postpericardiotomy syndrome and open pericardium. Early diagnosis is important because(1) if it is unrecognized, the patient may deteriorate clinically, and(2) if surgery is delayed, the patient may have an increased risk of operative death. Hereby we report a case of effusive constrictive pericarditis after ventricular septal defect repair, in which constriction physiology was suggested by Doppler echocardiography after pericardiostomy.